U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Graves disease(GRD)

MedGen UID:
6677
Concept ID:
C0018213
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Basedow disease; Exophthalmic goiter; Graves' disease; Graves' hyperthyroidism; HYPERTHYROIDISM, AUTOIMMUNE; Parry disease
SNOMED CT: Exophthalmic goiter (353295004); Basedow's disease (353295004); Basedow disease (353295004); Graves disease (353295004); Graves' disease (353295004)
 
HPO: HP:0100647
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0005364
OMIM®: 275000

Definition

An autoimmune disease where the thyroid is overactive, producing an excessive amount of thyroid hormones (a serious metabolic imbalance known as hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis). This is caused by autoantibodies to the TSH-receptor (TSHR-Ab) that activate that TSH-receptor (TSHR), thereby stimulating thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, and thyroid growth (causing a diffusely enlarged goiter). The resulting state of hyperthyroidism can cause a dramatic constellation of neuropsychological and physical signs and symptoms, which can severely compromise the patients. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

Conditions with this feature

Graves disease, susceptibility to, 1
MedGen UID:
341307
Concept ID:
C1848795
Finding
Graves disease (GRD) is an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR; 603372) result in constitutive activation of the receptor and increased levels of thyroid hormone. Wilkin (1990) reviewed endocrine disorders of hormone excess and hormone deficiency resulting from receptor autoimmunity. Genetic Heterogeneity of Graves Disease Susceptibility to Graves disease-1 (GRD1) has been mapped to chromosome 14q31. Other susceptibility loci for Graves disease include GRD2 (603388) on chromosome 20q13, GRDX1 (300351) on Xp11, and GRDX2 (see 300351) on Xq21.33-q22. Graves disease has also been mapped to several loci that confer susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid diseases, including Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT; 140300): AITD1 (608173) on 6p11; AITD2 (608174) on 5q31-q33; AITD3 (608175) on 8q24; AITD4 (608176) on 10q, and AITD5 (601941) on 18q21.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Wiersinga WM, Poppe KG, Effraimidis G
Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023 Apr;11(4):282-298. Epub 2023 Feb 24 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00005-0. PMID: 36848916
Bartalena L, Kahaly GJ, Baldeschi L, Dayan CM, Eckstein A, Marcocci C, Marinò M, Vaidya B, Wiersinga WM; EUGOGO †
Eur J Endocrinol 2021 Aug 27;185(4):G43-G67. doi: 10.1530/EJE-21-0479. PMID: 34297684
Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, Greenlee MC, Laurberg P, Maia AL, Rivkees SA, Samuels M, Sosa JA, Stan MN, Walter MA
Thyroid 2016 Oct;26(10):1343-1421. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0229. PMID: 27521067

Curated

UK NICE Guideline NG145, Thyroid disease: assessment and management, 2023

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Xu T, Zheng X, Wei T
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023;14:1234056. Epub 2023 Aug 23 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1234056. PMID: 37680886Free PMC Article
Cao J, Wang N, Luo Y, Ma C, Chen Z, Chenzhao C, Zhang F, Qi X, Xiong W
Front Immunol 2023;14:977587. Epub 2023 Feb 14 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.977587. PMID: 36865531Free PMC Article
Lane LC, Wood CL, Cheetham T
Arch Dis Child 2023 Apr;108(4):276-281. Epub 2022 Jul 13 doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-323905. PMID: 35831126Free PMC Article
Vaidyanathan P
Adv Pediatr 2022 Aug;69(1):219-229. Epub 2022 Jun 20 doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2022.04.004. PMID: 35985711
Antonelli A, Ferrari SM, Ragusa F, Elia G, Paparo SR, Ruffilli I, Patrizio A, Giusti C, Gonnella D, Cristaudo A, Foddis R, Shoenfeld Y, Fallahi P
Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Jan;34(1):101387. Epub 2020 Feb 4 doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101387. PMID: 32107168

Diagnosis

Vaidyanathan P
Adv Pediatr 2022 Aug;69(1):219-229. Epub 2022 Jun 20 doi: 10.1016/j.yapd.2022.04.004. PMID: 35985711
Subekti I, Pramono LA
Acta Med Indones 2018 Apr;50(2):177-182. PMID: 29950539
Smith TJ, Hegedüs L
N Engl J Med 2016 Oct 20;375(16):1552-1565. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1510030. PMID: 27797318
Bartalena L
Nat Rev Endocrinol 2013 Dec;9(12):724-34. Epub 2013 Oct 15 doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.193. PMID: 24126481
Umar H, Muallima N, Adam JM, Sanusi H
Acta Med Indones 2010 Jan;42(1):31-5. PMID: 20305330

Therapy

Douglas RS, Couch S, Wester ST, Fowler BT, Liu CY, Subramanian PS, Tang R, Nguyen QT, Maamari RN, Ugradar S, Hsu K, Karon M, Stan MN
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023 Dec 21;109(1):25-35. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgad637. PMID: 37925673Free PMC Article
Barbesino G, Salvi M, Freitag SK
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022 Aug 8;107(Suppl_1):S47-S56. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgac252. PMID: 36346684Free PMC Article
Smith TJ, Kahaly GJ, Ezra DG, Fleming JC, Dailey RA, Tang RA, Harris GJ, Antonelli A, Salvi M, Goldberg RA, Gigantelli JW, Couch SM, Shriver EM, Hayek BR, Hink EM, Woodward RM, Gabriel K, Magni G, Douglas RS
N Engl J Med 2017 May 4;376(18):1748-1761. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1614949. PMID: 28467880Free PMC Article
Burch HB, Cooper DS
JAMA 2015 Dec 15;314(23):2544-54. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.16535. PMID: 26670972
Reid JR, Wheeler SF
Am Fam Physician 2005 Aug 15;72(4):623-30. PMID: 16127951

Prognosis

Acosta GJ, Singh Ospina N, Brito JP
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2024 Oct 1;31(5):184-190. Epub 2024 Aug 1 doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000877. PMID: 39087407
Kaplowitz PB, Vaidyanathan P
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2020 Feb;27(1):70-76. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000521. PMID: 31789723
Bourcier S, Coutrot M, Kimmoun A, Sonneville R, de Montmollin E, Persichini R, Schnell D, Charpentier J, Aubron C, Morawiec E, Bigé N, Nseir S, Terzi N, Razazi K, Azoulay E, Ferré A, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Ellrodt O, Hraiech S, Delmas C, Barbier F, Lautrette A, Aissaoui N, Repessé X, Pichereau C, Zerbib Y, Lascarrou JB, Carreira S, Reuter D, Frérou A, Peigne V, Fillatre P, Megarbane B, Voiriot G, Combes A, Schmidt M
Crit Care Med 2020 Jan;48(1):83-90. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000004078. PMID: 31714398
Nygaard B
BMJ Clin Evid 2010 Jul 19;2010 PMID: 21418670Free PMC Article
Nygaard B
BMJ Clin Evid 2008 Mar 25;2008 PMID: 19450325Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Xian W, Liu B, Li J, Yang Y, Hong S, Xiao H, Wu D, Li Y
Front Immunol 2024;15:1273358. Epub 2024 Jan 29 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1273358. PMID: 38352885Free PMC Article
Constantinescu SM, Hospel J, Daumerie C, Alexopoulou O, Maiter D, Burlacu MC
Eur Thyroid J 2023 Dec 1;12(6) Epub 2023 Nov 30 doi: 10.1530/ETJ-23-0193. PMID: 37930957Free PMC Article
Gallo D, Mortara L, Veronesi G, Cattaneo SA, Genoni A, Gallazzi M, Peruzzo C, Lasalvia P, Moretto P, Bruno A, Passi A, Pini A, Nauti A, Lavizzari MA, Marinò M, Lanzolla G, Tanda ML, Bartalena L, Piantanida E
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022;13:886451. Epub 2022 Jun 15 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2022.886451. PMID: 35784564Free PMC Article
Hall AJH, Topliss DJ
Intern Med J 2022 Jan;52(1):14-20. doi: 10.1111/imj.15067. PMID: 32975863
Sipos JA, Kahaly GJ
Am J Med 2012 Sep;125(9):S1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.05.012. PMID: 22938934

Recent systematic reviews

Stramazzo I, Capriello S, Filardo S, Centanni M, Virili C
Adv Exp Med Biol 2023;1370:125-144. doi: 10.1007/5584_2023_770. PMID: 36971966
Abisad DA, Glenn Lecea EM, Ballesteros AM, Alarcon G, Diaz A, Pagan-Banchs P
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023 Mar 28;36(3):225-233. Epub 2022 Nov 2 doi: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0309. PMID: 36318760
Tutal E, Ozaras R, Leblebicioglu H
Travel Med Infect Dis 2022 May-Jun;47:102314. Epub 2022 Mar 18 doi: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2022.102314. PMID: 35307540Free PMC Article
Gong B, Wang C, Meng F, Wang H, Song B, Yang Y, Shan Z
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:774362. Epub 2021 Nov 17 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.774362. PMID: 34867823Free PMC Article
Kaegi C, Wuest B, Schreiner J, Steiner UC, Vultaggio A, Matucci A, Crowley C, Boyman O
Front Immunol 2019;10:1990. Epub 2019 Sep 6 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01990. PMID: 31555262Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Curated

    • NICE, 2023
      UK NICE Guideline NG145, Thyroid disease: assessment and management, 2023

    Recent activity

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...